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Author : Justin Seitz Publisher: dpunkt. Doch wie genau funktioniert das? Sie entwickeln Netzwerk-Sniffer, manipulieren Pakete, infizieren virtuelle Maschinen, schaffen unsichtbare Trojaner und vieles mehr. This book has been updated for Python 3. Key Features Detect and avoid various attack types that put the privacy of a system at risk Leverage Python to build efficient code and eventually build a robust environment Learn about securing wireless applications and information gathering on a web server Book Description This book gives you the skills you need to use Python for penetration testing pentesting , with the help of detailed code examples.

We start by exploring the basics of networking with Python and then proceed to network hacking. Then, you will delve into exploring Python libraries to perform various types of pentesting and ethical hacking techniques. Next, we delve into hacking the application layer, where we start by gathering information from a website.

By reading this book, you will learn different techniques and methodologies that will familiarize you with Python pentesting techniques, how to protect yourself, and how to create automated programs to find the admin console, SQL injection, and XSS attacks.

What you will learn The basics of network pentesting including network scanning and sniffing Wireless, wired attacks, and building traps for attack and torrent detection Web server footprinting and web application attacks, including the XSS and SQL injection attack Wireless frames and how to obtain information such as SSID, BSSID, and the channel number from a wireless frame using a Python script The importance of web server signatures, email gathering, and why knowing the server signature is the first step in hacking Who this book is for If you are a Python programmer, a security researcher, or an ethical hacker and are interested in penetration testing with the help of Python, then this book is for you.

Even if you are new to the field of ethical hacking, this book can help you find the vulnerabilities in your system so that you are ready to tackle any kind of attack or intrusion.

What You Will Learn Familiarize yourself with the generation of Metasploit resource files and use the Metasploit Remote Procedure Call to automate exploit generation and execution Exploit the Remote File Inclusion to gain administrative access to systems with Python and other scripting languages Crack an organization's Internet perimeter and chain exploits to gain deeper access to an organization's resources Explore wireless traffic with the help of various programs and perform wireless attacks with Python programs Gather passive information from a website using automated scripts and perform XSS, SQL injection, and parameter tampering attacks Develop complicated header-based attacks through Python In Detail Cybercriminals are always one step ahead, when it comes to tools and techniques.

While there are an increasing number of sophisticated, ready-made tools to scan systems for vulnerabilities, the use of Python allows you to write system-specific scripts, or alter and extend existing testing tools to find, exploit, and record as many security weaknesses as possible. Learning Python Web Penetration Testing will walk you through the web application penetration testing methodology, showing you how to write your own tools with Python for each activity throughout the process.

The book begins by emphasizing the importance of knowing how to write your own tools with Python for web application penetration testing. You will then learn to interact with a web application using Python, understand the anatomy of an HTTP request, URL, headers and message body, and later create a script to perform a request, and interpret the response and its headers. As you make your way through the book, you will write a web crawler using Python and the Scrappy library.

The book will also help you to develop a tool to perform brute force attacks in different parts of the web application. You will then discover more on detecting and exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities. By the end of this book, you will have successfully created an HTTP proxy based on the mitmproxy tool. What you will learn Interact with a web application using the Python and Requests libraries Create a basic web application crawler and make it recursive Develop a brute force tool to discover and enumerate resources such as files and directories Explore different authentication methods commonly used in web applications Enumerate table names from a database using SQL injection Understand the web application penetration testing methodology and toolkit Who this book is for Learning Python Web Penetration Testing is for web developers who want to step into the world of web application security testing.

Basic knowledge of Python is necessary. Plenty of open source hacking tools are written in Python, which can be easily integrated within your script. This book is packed with step-by-step instructions and working examples to make you a skilled penetration tester. It is divided into clear bite-sized chunks, so you can learn at your own pace and focus on the areas of most interest to you.

This book will teach you how to code a reverse shell and build an anonymous shell. You will also learn how to hack passwords and perform a privilege escalation on Windows with practical examples. You will set up your own virtual hacking environment in VirtualBox, which will help you run multiple operating systems for your testing environment.

By the end of this book, you will have learned how to code your own scripts and mastered ethical hacking from scratch. Author : T. Bereiten Sie sich vor! Am Quellcode lernen: Hacken und Programmieren lernt man nicht alleine mit Theorie, sondern mit viel Praxis - in diesem Fall mit Quellcode.

View all retailers. Fully-updated, second edition of this worldwide bestseller with over , copies sold. Praise for Black Hat Python, 2nd Edition. Related titles. Practical IoT Hacking. Practical Packet Analysis, 3E. The Art of Machine Learning. The Art of Cyberwarfare.

Rust for Rustaceans. The Art of WebAssembly. This course is the second in a two-course series, that together will develop your Python skills and enable you to apply them in cybersecurity and penetration testing. November 19, November 19, These guys typed out and critiqued every single line of code, wrote supporting code, made edits, and provided absolutely amazing support throughout the whole process.

Anyone who is writing an infosec book should really get these guys on board; they were amazing and then some.

For the rest of you ruffians that share drinks, laughs and GChats: thanks for letting me piss and moan to you about writing this book. We are going to do a crash course in setting up a Kali Linux virtual machine VM and installing a nice IDE so that you have everything you need to develop code. By the end of this chapter, you should be ready to tackle the exer- cises and code examples in the remainder of the book. Before you get started, go ahead and download and install VMWare Player.

Installing Kali Linux Kali is the successor to the BackTrack Linux distribution, designed by Offensive Security from the ground up as a penetration testing operating system.

The default username is root and the password is toor. This should get you into the full Kali desktop environment as shown in Figure Figure The Kali Linux desktop The first thing we are going to do is ensure that the correct version of Python is installed. This book will use Python 2.

Please note that using a dif- ferent version of Python might break some of the code examples in this book. You have been warned. These are much like the apt package manager because they allow you to directly install Python libraries, without having to manually download, unpack, and install them.

In this case, make sure that you followed all the steps above and that you have the correct version of Kali. Keep in mind that for most examples throughout this book, you can develop your code in a variety of environments, including Mac, Linux, and Windows. I will give you a quick rundown of the commercial version of WingIDE, but of course you should choose whichever version is best for you.

If you get any installation errors, there might be unmet dependencies. Then follow along as I give you a quick rundown of some useful features. For starters, your screen should look like Figure , with your main code editing area in the top left and a set of tabs on the bottom.

Save it with any filename you want, click the Debug menu item, and select the Select Current as Main Debug File option, as shown in Figure You should see a little red dot appear in the margin. Now run the script by pressing F5, and execution should halt at your breakpoint.

Click the Stack Data tab and you should see a screen like the one in Figure The Stack Data tab is going to show us some useful information such as the state of any local and global variables at the moment that our break- point was hit. This allows you to debug more advanced code where you need to inspect variables during execution to track down bugs.

If you click the drop-down bar, you can also see the current call stack, which tells you which function called the function you are currently inside. Have a look at Figure to see the stack trace. This becomes very useful if you have recursive function calls or a function that is called from many potential places. Using the Stack Data tab will come in very handy in your Python developing career!

The next major feature is the Debug Probe tab. This tab enables you to drop into a Python shell that is executing within the current context of the exact moment your breakpoint was hit. This lets you inspect and modify variables, as well as write little snippets of test code to try out new ideas or to troubleshoot. Figure Using Debug Probe to inspect and modify local variables After you make some modifications, you can resume execution of the script by pressing F5.

Even though this is a very simple example, it demonstrates some of the most useful features of WingIDE for developing and debugging Python scripts. An attacker can do almost anything with simple network access, such as scan for hosts, inject packets, sniff data, remotely exploit hosts, and much more.

But if you are an attacker who has worked your way into the deepest depths of an enterprise target, you may find yourself in a bit of a conundrum: you have no tools to execute network attacks. No netcat. No Wireshark. No compiler and no means to install one. This chapter will give you some basics on Python networking using the 1 socket module.

This chapter is the foundation for subsequent chapters in which we will build a host discovery tool, implement cross-platform sniffers, and create a remote trojan framework. Python Networking in a Paragraph Programmers have a number of third-party tools to create networked servers and clients in Python, but the core module for all of those tools is socket. This module exposes all of the necessary pieces to quickly write TCP and UDP clients and servers, use raw sockets, and so forth.

For the purposes of breaking in or maintaining access to target machines, this module is all you really need. This is where being able to quickly create a TCP client comes in extremely handy.

Here is a simple TCP client. We then connect the client to the server v and send it some data w. The last step is to receive some data back and print out the response x. This is the simplest form of a TCP client, but the one you will write most often. In the above code snippet, we are making some serious assumptions about sockets that you definitely want to be aware of. The first assump- tion is that our connection will always succeed, and the second is that the server is always expecting us to send data first as opposed to servers that expect to send data to you first and await your response.

Our third assump- tion is that the server will always send us data back in a timely fashion. The next step is to simply call sendto v, passing in the data and the server you want to send the data to. Because UDP is a con- nectionless protocol, there is no call to connect beforehand. The last step is to call recvfrom w to receive UDP data back. You will also notice that it returns both the data and the details of the remote host and port.

Next we tell the server to start listening v with a maximum backlog of connections set to 5. We then put the server into its main loop, where it is waiting for an incoming connection. When a client connects x, we receive the client socket into the client variable, and the remote connec- tion details into the addr variable. We then start the thread to handle the client connection y, and our main server loop is ready to handle another incoming connection. Pretty simple, but this is a very useful piece of code which we will extend in the next couple of sections when we build a netcat replace- ment and a TCP proxy.

No heavy lifting quite yet. In the next block of code w, we are trying to mimic netcat to read data from stdin and send it across the network. As noted, if you plan on sending data interactively, you need to send a CTRL-D to bypass the stdin read. The final piece x is where we detect that we are to set up a listening socket and process further commands upload a file, execute a command, start a command shell. Add the following code above our main function.

We start by set- ting up our TCP socket object and then test u to see if we have received any input from stdin. If all is well, we ship the data off to the remote target and receive back data v until there is no more data to receive.

We then wait for further input from the user w and continue sending and receiving data until the user kills the script. The extra line break is attached specifically to our user input so that our client will be compatible with our command shell.

The exception- handling code will catch generic errors and return back a message letting you know that the command failed. First we receive the file data in a loop v to make sure we receive it all, and then we simply open a file handle and write out the contents of the file. The wb flag ensures that we are writing the file with binary mode enabled, which ensures that upload- ing and writing a binary executable will be successful.

Our last bit of code handles our command shell x; it continues to execute commands as we send them in and sends back the output. However, if you are conjuring up a Python client to speak to it, remember to add the newline character.

In one terminal or cmd. Remember that our script is reading from stdin and will do so until the EOF end-of-file marker is received. Building a TCP Proxy There are a number of reasons to have a TCP proxy in your tool belt, both for forwarding traffic to bounce from host to host, but also when assessing network-based software.

I have employed a simple Python proxy in a num- ber of cases to help understand unknown protocols, modify traffic being sent to an application, and create test cases for fuzzers. Closing connections. Some server daemons will expect you to do this first FTP servers typically send a banner first, for example.

We then dump the con- tents w of the packet so that we can inspect it for anything interesting. Inside this function, you can modify the packet contents, perform fuzzing tasks, test for authen- tication issues, or whatever else your heart desires. The final step is to send the received buffer to our local cli- ent.

The rest of the proxy code is straightforward: we continually read from local, process, send to remote, read from remote, process, and send to local until there is no more data detected y.

First we create our hex dumping function u that will simply output the packet details with both their hexadecimal values and ASCII-printable characters. This is useful for understanding unknown protocols, finding user credentials in plaintext protocols, and much more.

By default, there is a two-second timeout set, which might be aggressive if you are proxying traffic to other countries or over lossy net- works increase the timeout as necessary. The rest of the function simply handles receiving data until more data is detected on the other end of the connection. Our last two functions w x enable you to modify any traffic that is destined for either end of the proxy.

This can be useful, for example, if plaintext user credentials are being sent and you want to try to elevate privileges on an application by passing in admin instead of justin. Now take your favorite FTP client and set it to use localhost and port 21 as its remote host and port.

You can clearly see that we are able to successfully receive the FTP ban- ner and send in a username and password, and that it cleanly exits when the server punts us because of incorrect credentials. In Python, you could use raw sockets and some crypto magic to create your own SSH client or server—but why create when you can reuse?

SSHClient v client. AutoAddPolicy client. Notice that Paramiko supports authentication with keys v instead of or in addition to password authentication. You can easily modify this script to run multiple commands on an SSH server or run com- mands on multiple SSH servers.

SSHClient client. Also notice that the first command we send is ClientConnected. Transport client bhSession. We start a socket listener w, just like we did earlier in the chap- ter, and then SSHinize it v and configure the authentication methods x.

When using an SSH tunnel, instead of typed commands being sent to the server, network traffic is sent packaged inside of SSH and then unpackaged and delivered by the SSH server. One way to overcome this problem is to set up a forward SSH tun- nel.

Without getting into too much detail, running the command ssh -L web justin sshserver will connect to the ssh server as the user justin and set up port on your local system. Anything sent to port will be sent down the existing SSH tunnel to the SSH server and delivered to the web server.

Figure shows this in action. Not all is lost, though. We can configure a reverse SSH tunnelling connection. In this case, we connect to our own SSH server from the Windows client in the usual fashion. Through that SSH connection, we also specify a remote port on the SSH server that will be tunnelled to the local host and port as shown in Figure Open rforward. Kicking the Tires We will run rforward. Tunnel open u' I encourage you to expand and modify as necessary.

The main goal is to develop a firm grasp of using Python networking to create tools that you can use during penetration tests, post-exploitation, or while bug-hunting. As a result, they have many practical uses before and after exploitation. Writing a tool like this will also give you a deep appreciation for the mature tools that can painlessly take care of the finer points with little effort on your part.

You will also likely pick up some new Python techniques and perhaps a better understanding of how the low-level networking bits work. In the previous chapter, we covered how to send and receive data using TCP and UDP, and arguably this is how you will interact with most network services. But underneath these higher-level protocols are the fundamental building blocks of how network packets are sent and received.

Of course, if you intend to perform any low-level attacks such as ARP poisoning or you are developing wireless assessment tools, you need to become intimately famil- iar with Ethernet frames and their use. Attackers want to be able to see all of the potential targets on a network so that they can focus their reconnaissance and exploitation attempts. When you send a UDP datagram to a closed port on a host, that host typically sends back an ICMP message indicating that the port is unreachable.

Why UDP? This is quite a simple scanner to build with most of the work going into decoding and analyzing the various network protocol headers. We will implement this host scanner for both Windows and Linux to maximize the likelihood of being able to use it inside an enterprise environment.

We could also build additional logic into our scanner to kick off full Nmap port scans on any hosts we discover to determine if they have a viable network attack surface.

These are exercises left for the reader, and I look forward to hearing some of the creative ways you can expand this core con- cept. Packet Sniffing on Windows and Linux Accessing raw sockets in Windows is slightly different than on its Linux brethren, but we want to have the flexibility to deploy the same sniffer to multiple platforms. We will create our socket object and then deter- mine which platform we are running on.

In our first example, we simply set up our raw socket sniffer, read in a single packet, and then quit.

The difference between Windows and Linux is that Windows will allow us to sniff all incoming packets regardless of protocol, whereas Linux forces us to spec- ify that we are sniffing ICMP. Note that we are using promiscuous mode, which requires administrative privileges on Windows or root on Linux. Promiscuous mode allows us to sniff all packets that the network card sees, even those not destined for your specific host.

Next we set a socket option v that includes the IP headers in our captured packets. The next step w is to determine if we are using Windows, and if so, we perform the additional step of sending an IOCTL to the network card driver to enable promiscu- ous mode.

Now we are ready to actually perform 1. This is just to test to make sure we have the core of our sniffing code working. After a single packet is sniffed, we again test for Windows, and disable promiscuous mode y before exiting the script. Kicking the Tires Open up a fresh terminal or cmd. If you are running this example on Linux, then you would receive the response from nostarch.

The information is packed into binary form, and as shown above, is quite difficult to under- stand. This will be the foundation for you to start creating further protocol parsing later on. If we examine what an actual packet looks like on the network, you will have an understanding of how we need to decode the incoming packets.

Refer to Figure for the makeup of an IP header. Using the Python ctypes module to create a C-like structure will allow us to have a friendly format for handling the IP header and its member fields. Using C code as a reference when translating to Python objects can be useful because it makes it seamless to convert them to pure Python. This indicates that these are bit fields, and they are 4 bits wide. We will use a pure Python solution to make sure these fields map correctly so we can avoid having to do any bit manipulation.

As you can see, all of the fields that we identified and the preceding C structure match up nicely. With our freshly minted IP structure, we now put in the logic to contin- ually read in packets and parse their information. The first step is to read in the packet w and then pass the first 20 bytes x to initialize our IP struc- ture. Next, we simply print out the information that we have captured y. If you are confined to Linux, then perform the pre- vious ping test to see it in action.

I tested this script by opening Internet Explorer and going to www. To perform the same test on Linux, we can ping google. But because we are purposefully building a host discovery scanner, this is completely acceptable. ICMP messages can vary greatly in their contents, but each message contains three elements that stay consis- tent: the type, code, and checksum fields. The type and code fields tell the receiving host what type of ICMP message is arriving, which then dictates how to decode it properly.

For the purpose of our scanner, we are looking for a type value of 3 and a code value of 3. This corresponds to the Destination Unreachable class of ICMP messages, and the code value of 3 indicates that the Port Unreachable error has been caused. One interesting thing to note is that when a host sends one of these ICMP messages, it actually includes the IP header of the originating message that generated the response.

We can also see that we will double-check against 8 bytes of the original datagram that was sent in order to make sure our scanner generated the ICMP response. To do so, we simply slice off the last 8 bytes of the received buffer to pull out the magic string that our scanner sends.

When the main packet-receiving loop determines that we have received an ICMP packet v, we calculate the offset in the raw packet where the ICMP body lives w and then create our buffer x and print out the type and code fields. The length calculation is based on the IP header ihl field, which indicates the number of bit words 4-byte chunks contained in the IP header.

So by multiplying this field by 4, we know the size of the IP header and thus when the next network layer— ICMP in this case—begins. If we quickly run this code with our typical ping test, our output should now be slightly different, as shown below: Protocol: ICMP We are now ready to implement the last bit of logic to send out the UDP datagrams, and to interpret their results.

We define a simple string signature u so that we can test that the responses are coming from UDP packets that we sent originally. We then perform our final check of making sure that the ICMP response has our magic string in it y.

You can use Linux or Windows for this as the results will be the same. In my case, the IP address of the local machine I was on was If the output is too noisy when you run your scanner, simply comment out all print statements except for the last one that tells you what hosts are responding.

This scanner is also useful for the trojan framework we will begin building in Chapter 7. This would allow a deployed trojan to scan the local network looking for additional targets. Philippe Biondi has cre- ated such a library in the packet manipulation library Scapy. You just might finish this chapter and realize that I made you do a lot of work in the previous two chapters that you could have done with just one or two lines of Scapy.

Scapy is powerful and flexible, and the possibilities are almost infinite. I recommend that you use Scapy under a Linux system, as it was designed to work with Linux in mind. The newest version of Scapy does support Windows,1 but for the purpose of this chapter I will assume you are using your Kali VM that has a fully functioning Scapy installation. Stealing Email Credentials You have already spent some time getting into the nuts and bolts of sniff- ing in Python.

This technique can of course be applied to any protocol or to sim- ply suck in all traffic and store it in a PCAP file for analysis, which we will also demonstrate.

The iface parameter tells the sniffer which network interface to sniff on; if left blank, Scapy will sniff on all interfaces. The prn parameter specifies a callback function to be called for every packet that matches the filter, and the callback function receives the packet object as its single parameter.